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The Passive Voice Пассивный залог
The Passive Voice ПАССИВНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ ПОКАЗЫВАЕТ, ЧТО ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ ПОДВЕРГАЕТСЯ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЮ ДРУГОГО ЛИЦА ИЛИ ПРЕДМЕТА. The houses are built every year. ФОРМА PASSIVE VOICE ОБРАЗУЕТСЯ ПРИ ПОМОЩИ ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНОГО ГЛАГОЛА TO BE И ПРИЧАСТИЯ II СМЫСЛОВОГО ГЛАГОЛА.
The Passive Voice ПРИ ОБРАЗОВАНИИ ВИДО - ВРЕМЕННЫХ ФОРМ ИЗМЕНЯЕТСЯ ТОЛЬКО ГЛАГОЛ TO BE Active Voice Passive Voice I ask – Я спрашиваю. I am asked – Меня спрашивают. I asked - Я спрашивал. I was asked – Меня спрашивали. I will ask – Я спрошу. I will be asked - Меня спросят.
The Passive Voice ПРИЧАСТИЕ II ПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ ОБРАЗУЕТСЯ ПРИ ПОМОЩИ – ED: Ask ed , creat ed , explain ed , finish ed … НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ НАДО ВЫУЧИТЬ НАИЗУСТЬ ИЛИ ОБРАТИТЬСЯ К ТАБЛИЦЕ НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ: built, shown, made, written, sent…
The Passive Voice Если упоминается, кем произведено действие, то употребляется предлог by . Если указано, чем произведено действие, употребляется предлог with . Donald Duck was created by Walt Disney. Rice is eaten with chopsticks in China.
Видовременные формы в пассивном залоге. Simple Progressive Perfect Perfect Progressive Present ОБЫЧНО ВСЕГДА КАЖДЫЙ ДЕНЬ AM IS ASKED ARE СПРАШИВАЮТ СЕЙЧАС ВСЕ ЕЩЕ AM IS BEING ASKED ARE СПРАШИВАЮТ УЖЕ (РЕЗУЛЬТАТ) HAVE HAS BEEN ASKED СПРОСИЛИ ВМЕСТО ОТСУТСТВУЮЩЕЙ ФОРМЫ PERFECT PROGRESSIVE УПОТРЕБЛЯЕТСЯ PERFECT Past ВЧЕРА КОГДА-ТО В ПР O ШЛОМ WAS WERE ASKED СПРОСИЛИ БЫЛ СПРОШЕН В ТОЧНОЕ ВРЕМЯ КОГДА Я ПРИЕХАЛ WAS BEING ASKED WERE СПРАШИВАЛИ К ТОМУ МОМЕНТУ УЖЕ HAD BEEN ASKED СПРОСИЛИ БЫЛ СПРОШЕН Future ЗАВТРА WILL BE ASKED SHALL СПРОСЯТ БУДЕТ СПРОШЕН ВМЕСТО ОТСУТСТВУЮЩЕЙ ФОРМЫ FUTURE PROGRESSIVE УПОТРЕБЛЯЕТСЯ FUTURE SIMPLE К ТОМУ МОМЕНТУ WILL HAVE BEEN ASKED СПРОСЯТ БУДЕТ СПРОШЕН BE V3 BE BEING V3 HAVE BEEN V3
The Passive Voice В страдательном залоге следующие глаголы сохраняют после себя определенные предлоги: to laugh at to send for to look for to remind of to speak of to ask for to speak to to operate on to think of to listen to to look after to turn to smb. for smth.
The Passive Voice ЧТОБЫ ЗАДАТЬ ОБЩИЙ ВОРОС К ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЮ В ПАССИВНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ, НАДО ПЕРВЫЙ ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ГЛАГОЛ ПОСТАВИТЬ ПЕРЕД ПОДЛЕЖАЩИМ: Was Sasha met by Mr. Garret in the airport? ЧТОБЫ ЗАДАТЬ СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ВОРОС К ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЮ В ПАССИВНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ, НАДО ПЕРЕД ПЕРВЫМ ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНЫМ ГЛАГОЛОМ ПОСТАВИТЬ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОЕ ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНОЕ СЛОВО: Where was Sasha met by Mr. Garret ?
The Passive Voice Translate into English: За доктором послали. Стадион строят уже три года. На картину часто смотрят. Письма будут прочитаны завтра. Новые книги публикуются. Калькулятор сделан в Китае. Когда была открыта Америка? Диктант был написан к двум часам.
The Passive Voice Translate into Russian: What is your bag made of? The newspaper is being looked through. What state of the USA is situated in the Pacific Ocean? The theatre has been built for three years. The rule was explained at the previous lesson. The film had been discussed before you came.
The Passive Voice Thank you for your time.
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YOU WANT TO SHOW THAT OBJECT HAS THE LARGER IMPORTANCE THAN SUBJECT
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We use passive forms when: a) we don`t know WHO did it; The window was broken an hour ago. b) we are interested in WHAT happens, not WHO it is done by; His watch was stolen in the street. с) the situation is rather formal. Smoking is not allowed.
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Passive Voice be+V3
Somebody cleans every day. (active) subject is cleaned every day. (passive) The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the new sentence.
this room object This room subject
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Rewrite these sentences using Passive voice:
People don`t use this road very often. Somebody is using the comp at the moment. They have built a new hospital near the airport. They cancelled all flights because of fog. Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived. The car was 3 years old but no one had used it very much. Somebody will translate this article tomorrow. By the end of the week Nick will have finished his report.
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If we want to say who does the action, we use by: This house was built by my grandfather. Two hundred people are employed by the company. If somebody does the action with the help of instruments, we use with: Meat should be cut with a knife. Food in Japan is eaten with chopsticks.
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Choose the right preposition:
1. Fish is cut … a special knife. 2. What do we usually dig … ? 3. These novels are written … A. J. Cronin. 4. The big tree was cut down … Jim. 5. The bridge was built … five workers. 6. Who is the portrait painted …? 7. Women`s dresses are sewed … dressmakers.
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Passive voice with the verbs that have two objects
Some verbs can have two objects: We gave the police the information. object 1 object 2 So it is possible to make two passive sentences: The police were given the information. Or The information was given to the police. Other verbs which can have two objects are: ask offer pay refuse send show teach tell
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Express the same in English using passive forms of the verbs
Мои часы украли вчера. Посмотри! Новый кинотеатр построили! Когда Павел вошел в комнату, обсуждали его проект. Все упражнения сделаны. Мы можем идти в кино. Когда с ним поговорят? Текст нужно будет перевести. Когда папа приехал, вещи были упакованы. Где статья? Ее переводят. Ее переведут через час. Джона Леннона знают не только в Англии. Мне разрешили пойти в кино.
Постарайтесь вовлечь аудиторию в рассказ, настройте взаимодействие с аудиторией с помощью наводящих вопросов, игровой части, не бойтесь пошутить и искренне улыбнуться (где это уместно).
Глагол-сказуемое в Active Voice показывает, что подлежащее предложения само совершает действие, выраженное глаголом. I ask. (Я спрашиваю) Глагол-сказуемое в Passive Voice показывает, что подлежащее предложения является объектом действия, выраженного глаголом. I am asked. (Меня спрашивают)
V3
to be
Показателем лица, числа и времени в Passive Voice является глагол to be, а форма причастия II остается неизменной.
am
is
are
v3
Butter
is made
from milk.
Oranges
are imported
from Marocco
Past Simple Passive
v3
was
were
have
has
been
The shirts
have been ironed.
am
is
are
being
They must visit Mr Grey in the morning.
He will speak to his cousin tomorrow.
They often give her fruits from their garden.
Mr Grey must be visited in the morning.
His cousin will be spoken tomorrow.
She is often given fruits from their garden.
4.They built a new hospital last year.
5. She is reading a new book at the moment.
6.When Jack came his sister was preparing supper.
4. A new hospital was built last year.
5. A book is being read at the moment.
6. Supper was being prepared when Jack came.
7. I have done my homework. Now I can go for a walk.
8. He will look after his brother next week.
7. My work has been done.
8. His brother will be looked after next week.
9. Pupils didn’t visit the boy last week.
10. We don’t translate poems at home.
9.The boy was not visited last week.
10. Poems are not translated at home.
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Passive Voice Пассивный залог (passive voice) показывает, что лицо или предмет, выраженное подлежащим, испытывает действие на себе: The big cake was baked by Sam. Пассивный залог употребляется когда исполнитель действия очевиден или несуществен когда действие или его результат более интересны, чем исполнитель.
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В страдательном залоге не употребляются: 1) Непереходные глаголы, т.к. при них нет прямых дополнений, которые могли бы стать подлежащими при глаголе в форме Passive. Переходными в англ. языке называются глаголы, после которых в действительном залоге следует прямое дополнение; в русском языке это дополнение, отвечающее на вопросы винительного падежа – кого? что?: to build строить, to see видеть, to take брать, to open открывать и т.п. Непереходными глаголами называются такие глаголы, которые не требуют после себя прямого дополнения: to live жить, to come приходить, to fly летать, cry плакать и др. 2) Глаголы-связки: be – быть, become – становиться/стать. 3) Модальные глаголы. 4) Некоторые переходные глаголы не могут использоваться в страдательном залоге. В большинстве случаев это глаголы состояния, такие как: to fit годиться, быть впору to have иметь to lack не хватать, недоставать to like нравиться to resemble напоминать, быть похожим to suit годиться, подходить
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Пассивный залог в английском языке употребляется, как правило, с переходными глаголами, т.е. с глаголами, которые имеют после себя дополнение: 1) Ряд английских глаголов может иметь два дополнения – прямое и косвенное. Наиболее употребительны to tell, to give, to offer, to show, to pay, to promise, to send, to teach, to allow, to ask, to answer, to forgive, to invite, to advise. Такие глаголы образуют двойные конструкции в пассивном залоге. A very good job was offered to me. I was offered a very good job. 2) Многие глаголы в английском языке употребляются с дополнением, имеющим предлог. В таких случаях предлог занимает место после глагола в пассивном залоге. The doctor was sent for. This film is much spoken about.
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Глаголы to read, to sell, to wash, to clean, to peel, to crease, to break, to deform, to wear, to burn употребляются в форме активного залога, хотя и имеют пассивное значение. This dress washes and wears well and doesn’t crease. Love stories sell well. Dry leaves burn well. Такие глаголы, как: to have, to chance, to happen, to seem, to appear, to lack, to become, to fit, to suit, to resemble не употребляются в пассивном залоге, так как они обозначают не действие (или процесс), а состояние лица или предмета. John resembles his father. He has become a real professional. С пассивными конструкциями часто употребляются предлоги of, from, with, by. I was interrupted by a loud knock on the door. My country house is made of wood. This pie is made from eggs, milk and flour. He was shot with a gun.
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* PASSIVE VOICE Simple Progressive Perfect P.P Future will + be + V3, V (ed) Will be + being+ V3, V (ed) will have been +V3, V(ed) Present Am/is/are V3, V(ed) Am/is/are + +being+V3, V (ed) Have / has been + V3, V (ed) Past Was/were V3, V(ed) was / were + being+ V3, V(ed) Had been + V3, V(ed)
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Active Passive When rewriting active sentences in passive, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive A: Somebody cleans this room every day. OBJECT P: This room is cleaned every day. SUBJECT
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the verb BE has to be in the same tense as in active sentence A: Someone stole my sister’s bike yesterday. P: My sister’s bike was stolen yesterday. stole – past simple => BE = was/were to show who did the action, we use BY This house was built by my grandfather.
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to show who did the action, we use BY This house was built by my grandfather. I => me she => her you => you he => him we => us they => them I opened the door. => The door was opened by me. She cleans the room.=> The room is cleaned by her.
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Translate the verbs in Passive 1. A lot of houses (построено) in Moscow. 2. When (было написано) this letter? 3. Many places of interest (посещаются) by tourists. 4. When (была переведена) this article? 5. English (говорят) in many countries of the world. 6. The student (задают) many questions by the teacher now. 7. The film (показывали) when we entered the hall. 8. The device (был протестирован) by last month.
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Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). Use Simple Present or Simple Past. The Statue of Liberty (give) to the United States by France. It (be) a present on the 100th anniversary of the United States. The Statue of Liberty (design) by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. It (complete) in France in July 1884. In 350 pieces, the statue then (ship) to New York, where it (arrive) on 17 June 1885. The pieces (put) together and the opening ceremony (take) place on 28 October 1886. The Statue of Liberty (be) 46 m high (93 m including the base). The statue (represent) the goddess of liberty. She (hold) a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand. On the tablet you (see / can) the date of the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776). Every year, the Statue of Liberty (visit) by many people from all over the world.
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ACTIVE or PASSIVE ? The window (break) _________________. Someone (cook) _________ a meal in the kitchen right now. We (ask)___________________ several questions by the police tonight. My cat (run over) _____________ by the milk van. This homework (must do) ___________ tonight. Poems (write) ________________________________ in every culture . People all over the world (know) ___________ her name. The truck (loot)_____________________________________ when the police arrived. The guests (serve) ___________ some tea after they had a seat. The students (do) ____________ these exercises before. is broken/ was broken is cooking were asked / will be asked was run over must be done are written / were written/ have been written Know/ knew was being looted/ had already been looted were served have done
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Change the following into Passive 1. They sell milk in this shop. 2. I have translated the whole text. 3. They broke the window last week. 4. When I came home, they had eaten the sweets. 5. We shall do the work in the evening. 6. He wrote this book in the 19th century. 7. They were playing tennis from four till five. 8. They have made a number of important experiments in this laboratory. 9. Livingstone explored Central Africa in the 19th century. 10. By the middle of autumn we had planted all the trees. 11. They will stage this play at the beginning of next season. 12. They have forgotten the story.
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Change the following into Passive. 1. Did they tell her the story? 2. What must we do about this? 3. What questions did they ask? 4. Has anyone changed the curtains yet? 5. Where did they park the car? 6. Will anyone tell him about the accident? 7. Has anyone dusted that blackboard yet? 8. Who is cleaning my room?
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Choose the correct answer 1. Hazel won the lottery. A. The lottery had been won by Hazel. B. The lottery was won by Hazel. C. The lottery is won by Hazel.
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2. The police interrogated Bryan. A. Bryan is interrogated by the police. B. Bryan was interrogated by the police. C. Bryan had been interrogated by the police.
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3. Peter has paid for the pizza. A. The pizza was paid for by Peter. B. The pizza has been paid for by Peter. C. The pizza is paid for by Peter.
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4. Joy will meet you at the airport. A. You will have met Joy at the airport. B. You would be met by Joy at the airport. C. You will be met by Joy at the airport.
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5. People highly respect his opinion. A. His opinion will be highly respected. B. His opinion was highly respected. C. His opinion is highly respected.
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6. Amanda upset me by what she said. A. I am upset by what he said. B. I was upset by what Amanda said. C. I would be upset by what Amanda said.
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7. He is going to inform us later. A. We would be informed by him later. B. We are going to be informed by him later. C. We were going to be informed by him later.
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8. The police arrested 10 rioters last night. A. Ten rioters were going to be arrested last night. B. Ten rioters were arrested last night. C. Ten rioters should have been arrested last night.
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9. The Doctor may visit us next week. A. We may be visited by the Doctor next week. B. We maybe visited by the Doctor next week. C. We must be visited by the Doctor next week.
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10. Studying hard could have helped you. A. You could have helped by studying hard. B. You could have been helped by studying hard. C. You could be helped by studying hard.
The Active and Passive voice
Действительный и страдательный залог
ЗАЛОГ -
это форма глагола, которая показывает: сам предмет или лицо производит действие (действительный залог) или действие производится над предметом или лицом (страдательный залог).
Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающий действие , то глагол употребляется в форме действительного залога: The sun attracts the planets. Солнце притягивает планеты. Pushkin wrote “Poltava” in 1828. Пушкин написал «Полтаву» в 1828
Если же подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол употребляется в форме страдательного залога:
The planets are attracted by the sun. Планеты притягиваются солнцем.
“ Poltava” was written by Pushkin in 1828. «Полтава» была написана
Пушкиным в 1828 году.
В страдательном залоге часто не упоминается, кем или с помощью чего было совершено действие, но если такая информация нужна, то используются предлоги by (кем) или with (с помощью чего).
The job was done by Ann. – Работа была сделана Аней.
The letter was written with a pen. – Письмо было написано ручкой.
Образование времен страдательного залога
Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола.
Таким образом, при спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется только глагол to be , смысловой же глагол имеет во всех временах одну и ту же форму – Past Participle.
Следовательно, время, в котором стоит глагол в страдательном залоге, определяется формой, в которой стоит вспомогательный глагол to be :
I am invited
I am being invited
I was invited
I shall be invited
I was being invited
I have been invited
I had been invited
I should be invited
I shall have been invited
I should have been invited
Underline the passive fofm of the verbs. Translate into Russian.
- 1. The car was bought last month. –
- 2. The letter were sent yesterday. –
- 3. The keys weren’t found. –
- 4. Where was the treasure hidden? –
- 5. Was anything lost two days ago? –
- 6. What was done by you last year? –
- 7. The book was stolen, wasn’t it? –
- 8. helory was killed by the Romans. –
Гелори был убит Римлянами.
Книга была украдена, не так ли?
Что было сделано тобой в прошлом году?
Письмо было отправлено вчера.
Было что-то потеряно 2 дня назад?
Машина была куплена в прошлом месяце.
Ключи не были найдены.
Где было спрятано сокровище?
Отметьте знаком (+) предложения, в которых действие совершалось лицом или предметом, и знаком (-) предложения, в которых действие совершалось над лицом или предметом.
- 1. The wind broke the window.
- 2. The window was broken by the wind.
- 3. The dog due a hole.
- 4. The hole was dug by the dog.
- 5. The bag wasn’t found.
- 6. He didn’t find his bag.
- 7. the Normans attacked the English.
- 8. The English were attacked by the Normans.
- 9. When was paper invented by the Chinese?
- 10. When did the Chinese invent paper?
- 11. Why did they do it?
- 12. New computer programmes were used in this proect?
- 13. he used a new programme in the proect.
